November 25 birthdays and deaths:

Christina Applegate

Christina Applegate is a talented American actress, born November 25, 1971, in Hollywood, California. She's known for her iconic roles in TV shows "Married... with Children" and "Up All Night," as well as films like "Anchorman" and "Bad Moms."

Birthyear: 1971

John F. Kennedy Jr.

John F. Kennedy Jr., son of President John F. Kennedy, was a lawyer, journalist, and publisher. He was the editor of George magazine and a licensed pilot. Tragically, he died in a plane crash at 38, leaving a legacy of charm, charisma, and unfulfilled potential.

Birthyear: 1960

Xabi Alonso

Xabi Alonso is a retired Spanish footballer who played as a central midfielder for clubs like Liverpool, Real Madrid, and Bayern Munich, winning numerous titles, including two Champions League trophies and the 2010 World Cup with Spain.

Birthyear: 1981

Joe DiMaggio

Joe DiMaggio, the "Yankee Clipper," was a legendary baseball player and coach, playing 13 seasons with the New York Yankees, earning 9 World Series championships, and marrying Marilyn Monroe.

Birthyear: 1914

Stephanie Hsu

Stephanie Hsu is an American actress known for her versatile performances on stage and screen. She gained recognition for her roles in "The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel" and "Everything Everywhere All at Once," earning a Tony Award nomination and a Screen Actors Guild Award.

Birthyear: 1990

Rudolf Höss

Rudolf Höss, a notorious German SS officer, served as the first commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp from 1940 to 1943, overseeing the massacre of millions of innocent lives during the Holocaust.

Birthyear: 1900

Augusto Pinochet

Augusto Pinochet, a Chilean general and politician, ruled as the 30th President of Chile from 1973 to 1990, imposing a military dictatorship marked by human rights abuses and economic reform, leaving a controversial legacy.

Birthyear: 1915

Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie, a Scottish-American businessman and philanthropist, sold his steel company in 1901 for $480 million. He devoted the rest of his life to philanthropy, donating over $350 million to establish over 2,500 libraries, the Carnegie Corporation, and other institutions, shaping education and world peace.

Birthyear: 1835

Joel Kinnaman

Joel Kinnaman is a Swedish actor born on November 25, 1979. He gained international recognition for his roles in TV series "The Killing" and films like "RoboCop" and "Suicide Squad." Kinnaman's versatility has earned him critical acclaim and a dedicated fan base.

Birthyear: 1979

Gaspard Ulliel

Gaspard Ulliel was a talented French actor who rose to fame with his portrayal of Hannibal Lecter in "Hannibal Rising" (2007). He also played Yves Saint Laurent in the 2014 biopic. Ulliel's captivating performances earned him numerous award nominations and a César Award for Most Promising Actor.

Birthyear: 1984

Mark Lanegan

Mark Lanegan, the iconic American singer-songwriter, breathed new life into the music scene with his gravelly vocals and poetic lyrics. As frontman of Screaming Trees and a solo artist, he left an indelible mark on the grunge and alternative rock genres.

Birthyear: 1964

Katie Cassidy

Katie Cassidy is an American actress known for her versatile roles in TV and film. She's starred in hit series like "Arrow" and "Gossip Girl," as well as movies like "Taken" and "When a Stranger Calls."

Birthyear: 1986

John Larroquette

John Larroquette is an American actor, best known for his Emmy-winning roles as Dan Fielding on NBC's "Night Court" (1984-1992) and as John Hemingway on "The John Larroquette Show" (1993-1996). He has appeared in numerous films, TV shows, and stage productions throughout his illustrious career.

Birthyear: 1947

Amy Grant

Amy Grant is a renowned American singer-songwriter known for her soulful voice and iconic Christian music. With a career spanning over 40 years, she has released numerous chart-topping albums, including "Age to Age" and "Behind the Eyes," earning her six Grammy Awards and induction into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame.

Birthyear: 1960

Jenna Bush Hager

Jenna Bush Hager is an American journalist, author, and television personality. She is a co-host of Today with Hoda & Jenna and a correspondent for the Today show. She is also a bestselling author and daughter of former US President George W. Bush.

Birthyear: 1981

Ricardo Montalbán

Ricardo Montalbán, a renowned Mexican-American actor, singer, and director, is best known for his iconic roles in "Fantasy Island" and "Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan". With a career spanning six decades, he remained a beloved figure in Hollywood until his passing in 2009.

Birthyear: 1920

Billy Burke (actor)

Billy Burke is an American actor and musician, born on November 25, 1966. He is best known for his roles in the Twilight Saga as Charlie Swan, and in the TV series 24 and Revolution.

Birthyear: 1966

Chip Kelly

Chip Kelly is a renowned American football coach, known for his innovative and fast-paced offensive schemes. He coached in the NFL with the Philadelphia Eagles and San Francisco 49ers, and led the University of Oregon to a major bowl victory.

Birthyear: 1963

Jeffrey Hunter

Jeffrey Hunter was an American actor and producer, best known for his role as Jesus Christ in the 1961 film "King of Kings." He also starred in the TV series "Temple Houston" and appeared in films like "The Searchers" alongside John Wayne.

Birthyear: 1926

Barbara Bush (born 1981)

Barbara Pierce Bush, daughter of President George H.W. Bush, is a dedicated philanthropist and activist. She founded Global Health Corps, which supports global health equity, and is a vocal advocate for women's empowerment and education.

Birthyear: 1981

Pope John XXIII

Pope John XXIII, born Angelo Roncalli, was a pivotal figure in Catholic Church history. Known for his humility and inclusivity, he convened the Second Vatican Council, introducing sweeping reforms and modernizing the Church. His papacy lasted from 1958 until his death in 1963.

Birthyear: 1881

Jill Hennessy

Jill Hennessy is a talented Canadian actress and singer, best known for her roles as Claire Kincaid on Law & Order and Jordan Cavanaugh on Crossing Jordan. She has also released two jazz albums, showcasing her soulful vocals.

Birthyear: 1968

Donovan McNabb

Donovan McNabb is a retired American football quarterback who played in the NFL from 1999 to 2011, primarily with the Philadelphia Eagles. A six-time Pro Bowl selection, McNabb is the Eagles' all-time leader in career wins, passing yards, and touchdowns. He currently works as a sportscaster for NBC Sports.

Birthyear: 1976

Bruno Tonioli

Bruno Tonioli is a renowned Italian dancer, choreographer, and TV personality. Best known for judging BBC's "Strictly Come Dancing" and ABC's "Dancing with the Stars," he's celebrated for his charismatic stage presence and exacting dance critiques.

Birthyear: 1955

Jhulan Goswami

Jhulan Goswami is a renowned Indian cricketer and captain of the Indian women's cricket team. A right-arm medium bowler, she is regarded as one of the fastest female bowlers in the world, known for her impressive speed and accuracy.

Birthyear: 1983

Nick Swisher

Nick Swisher is a former American professional baseball outfielder and first baseman who played for several MLB teams from 2004 to 2015, including the Oakland Athletics, Chicago White Sox, and Cleveland Indians.

Birthyear: 1980

Jeffrey Skilling

Jeffrey Skilling is a former American businessman who served as CEO of Enron Corporation from 2000 to 2001. He was convicted of conspiracy, securities fraud, and insider trading, and sentenced to 24 years in prison for his role in the Enron scandal.

Birthyear: 1953

Carl Benz

Karl Benz, a pioneering German engineer and businessman, is credited with inventing the first gasoline-powered automobile in 1885. He founded Benz & Cie. in 1883, which later merged with Gottlieb Daimler's company to form Mercedes-Benz, revolutionizing the automotive industry.

Birthyear: 1844

Ben Stein

Ben Stein, an American Renaissance man, is a renowned actor, TV personality, and game show host, best known for his deadpan comedy and hosting the game show "Win Ben Stein's Money."

Birthyear: 1944

Kenneth Mitchell (actor)

Kenneth Mitchell was a talented Canadian actor, best known for his roles in TV series "Jeremiah" and "Astral Plane." He also appeared in films like "The Astronaut Wives Club" and "Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End." Mitchell's versatility and charm on screen endeared him to fans worldwide.

Birthyear: 1974

Joe Gibbs

Joe Gibbs is a renowned American football coach and auto racing executive. He coached the Washington Redskins to three Super Bowl titles and founded Joe Gibbs Racing, a successful NASCAR team.

Birthyear: 1940

Tim Armstrong

Tim Armstrong is an American musician, songwriter, and producer, best known as the lead vocalist and guitarist of punk rock band Rancid. He's also a member of Transplants and has collaborated with artists such as Rob Zombie and Cypress Hill.

Birthyear: 1965

Kathryn Crosby

Kathryn Crosby, born Olive Kathryn Grandstaff, was an American actress and singer, best known for her roles in films like "White Christmas" alongside Bing Crosby, her husband, and TV shows like "The Bing Crosby Show." She also released several albums, showcasing her vocal talent.

Birthyear: 1933

Henrietta Maria of France

Henrietta Maria of France, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland, was the wife of King Charles I and a devoted Catholic. Born in 1609, she was a patron of the arts and a strong influence on her husband's politics, leading to controversy and eventual exile.

Birthyear: 1609

Jerry Ferrara

Jerry Ferrara is an American actor best known for his role as Turtle on the hit HBO comedy series "Entourage." He has also appeared in films like "Think Like a Man" and "Barely Lethal." Ferrara's versatility has earned him a loyal fan base in both TV and film.

Birthyear: 1979

Catherine of Braganza

Catherine of Braganza was the Portuguese queen consort of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1662 to 1685, married to King Charles II. She was a devout Catholic and introduced tea to the British court, popularizing it among the aristocracy.

Birthyear: 1638

Kristian Nairn

Kristian Nairn, born in 1975, is a Northern Irish actor and DJ best known for playing Hodor in the hit HBO fantasy series Game of Thrones. His DJ career spans over two decades, with international performances and a popular podcast.

Birthyear: 1975

Cris Carter

Cris Carter, a legendary American football player, coach, and sportscaster, is a 8-time Pro Bowl wide receiver and member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame, known for his impressive 1,101 receptions and 130 touchdowns in a 16-year NFL career.

Birthyear: 1965

Dennis Smith Jr.

Dennis Smith Jr. is an American professional basketball player who plays as a point guard in the NBA. Born on November 25, 1997, he was drafted 9th overall by the Dallas Mavericks in 2017 and has also played for the New York Knicks.

Birthyear: 1997

Kevin Chamberlin

Kevin Chamberlin is an American actor and director, best known for his Tony-nominated performances in Broadway musicals like "Seussical" and "Dirty Rotten Scoundrels." He has also appeared in TV shows such as " Jessie" and "Single Parents," showcasing his versatility in both stage and screen acting.

Birthyear: 1963

Jay Spearing

Jay Spearing is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Tranmere Rovers. He began his career at Liverpool, making his debut in 2008, and later played for Bolton Wanderers and Blackpool.

Birthyear: 1988

Hironobu Sakaguchi

Hironobu Sakaguchi is a renowned Japanese videogame designer, best known as the creator of the beloved Final Fantasy series. He co-founded Mistwalker Corporation and has developed numerous iconic RPGs, leaving an indelible mark on the gaming industry.

Birthyear: 1962

Carrie Nation

Carrie Nation was a pioneering American activist who fought against the sale of alcohol, famously wielding a hatchet to smash saloons and taverns, earning her the nickname "Carry A Nation." Her radical methods sparked controversy, but her crusade contributed to the eventual prohibition of alcohol in the United States.

Birthyear: 1846

Anastas Mikoyan

Anastas Mikoyan was a Soviet politician who served as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1964 to 1965. A close ally of Nikita Khrushchev, Mikoyan played a key role in implementing Soviet reforms, surviving Stalin's purges, and maintaining a complex relationship with Soviet leaders.

Birthyear: 1895

Talen Horton-Tucker

Talen Horton-Tucker is an American professional basketball player who plays as a shooting guard for the Los Angeles Lakers of the NBA. He was drafted 46th overall in the 2019 NBA draft and has shown promising skills with his athleticism and defensive prowess.

Birthyear: 2000

Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, also known as Grand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna of Russia, was a member of the British and Russian royal families. Born in 1876, she married twice and had two sons, but died in 1936 at the age of 59.

Birthyear: 1876

Chris Claremont

Chris Claremont is a renowned English-American author best known for his work on Marvel Comics' X-Men franchise, shaping the characters and storylines for 17 years. His contributions have had a lasting impact on the comic book industry.

Birthyear: 1950

Nodar Kumaritashvili

Nodar Kumaritashvili was a Georgian luger who tragically died in a crash during a training run at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada, at the age of 21, sending shockwaves through the Olympic community.

Birthyear: 1988

Percy Sledge

Percy Sledge, known for his soulful, velvety voice, was an American R&B singer, born in 1941 and passed away in 2015. He's best remembered for his hit song "When a Man Loves a Woman," which topped the Billboard charts in 1966, earning him a Grammy nomination.

Birthyear: 1940

Charles Kennedy

Charles Kennedy was a Scottish journalist and politician who led the Liberal Democrats from 1999 to 2006. He was a Member of Parliament for Ross, Skye and Lochaber from 1983 to 2015 and was known for his charisma and wit.

Birthyear: 1959

Noel Neill

Noel Neill, the original Lois Lane in the 1940s film serials and 1950s TV show "The Adventures of Superman," had a long, prolific career in Hollywood, leaving a lasting impact on the Superman franchise and earning a place in pop culture history.

Birthyear: 1920

Paul Desmond

Paul Desmond, an American saxophonist and composer, was a renowned figure in cool jazz, best known for his work with the Dave Brubeck Quartet and his iconic composition "Take Five," which became a jazz standard.

Birthyear: 1924

Erick Sermon

Erick Sermon is an American rapper and producer, best known as a member of the hip-hop group EPMD. He has also had a successful solo career, releasing several albums and collaborating with artists such as Redman and Keith Murray.

Birthyear: 1968

Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse

Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse (1868-1937) was a German nobleman and artist. He was the grandson of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, and played a key role in the Darmstadt Artists' Colony, promoting art, literature, and music.

Birthyear: 1868

Gregg Turkington

Gregg Turkington, aka Neil Hamburger, is an Australian comedian and singer known for his anti-comedy style, deliberately off-putting jokes, and outrageous personas. He has released several albums and has appeared in various TV shows and films, often playing a caricature of himself.

Birthyear: 1967

Mark Frost

Mark Frost is an American author, screenwriter, and producer, best known for co-creating the surreal cult classic TV series "Twin Peaks" with David Lynch. He has written several novels, including "The List of 7" and "The Paladin Prophecy" series.

Birthyear: 1953

Jill Flint

Jill Flint is an American actress known for her roles as Jill Casey in the USA Network TV series "Royal Pains" and as Dr. Jordan Alexander in the NBC medical drama "The Night Shift".

Birthyear: 1977

Eddie Steeples

Eddie Steeples is an American actor, producer, and screenwriter, best known for his iconic role as Dwayne Wayne on the popular 1980s sitcom "My Two Dads." He has appeared in numerous films and TV shows, showcasing his versatility as a talented character actor.

Birthyear: 1973

Ringo Sheena

Ringo Sheena, born Yuka Nakamura, is a renowned Japanese singer-songwriter and producer. Known for her unique blend of jazz, rock, and pop, she has released several critically acclaimed albums and singles, earning her numerous awards and a devoted fan base in Japan and beyond.

Birthyear: 1978

Josh Mathews

Josh Mathews is a renowned American wrestler and sportscaster, best known for his work with WWE and Impact Wrestling. As a commentator, he's brought his energetic and insightful personality to the world of professional wrestling, entertaining millions of fans worldwide.

Birthyear: 1980

Charlaine Harris

Charlaine Harris is a renowned American author and poet, best known for her Sookie Stackhouse novels, which inspired the hit TV series "True Blood." Her works often blend mystery, romance, and supernatural elements, captivating readers worldwide with her unique storytelling style.

Birthyear: 1951

Stacy Lattisaw

Stacy Lattisaw is an American R&B singer who rose to fame in the 1980s with hits like "Attack Me with Your Love" and " Mirage". She released 7 studio albums, collaborating with artists like Narada Michael Walden and Michael Jackson's brother, Jermaine Jackson.

Birthyear: 1966

Marc Brown (author)

Marc Brown is a renowned American author and illustrator, best known for creating the beloved "Arthur" children's book series, which was adapted into a popular PBS animated TV show.

Birthyear: 1946

Philipp Grubauer

Philipp Grubauer is a German professional ice hockey goaltender, currently playing for the Seattle Kraken of the NHL. Born on November 25, 1991, in Rosenheim, Germany, Grubauer has also played for the Washington Capitals, winning the Stanley Cup in 2018.

Birthyear: 1991

Bucky Dent

Bucky Dent, born Russell Earl O'Dell, is a former American baseball player and manager. He played 12 MLB seasons, winning three World Series rings with the New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox. Dent is infamous for his 1978 AL East-clinching home run against the Red Sox.

Birthyear: 1951

Poul Anderson

Poul Anderson was a renowned American science fiction and fantasy author, known for his imaginative and meticulously researched works. He wrote over 100 books, including "Tau Zero" and "The Broken Sword", winning seven Hugo and three Nebula Awards.

Birthyear: 1926

Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi

Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi, a prominent Pakistani spiritual leader and author, founded the spiritual movement Messiah Foundation International. He wrote several books on spirituality, including "The Religion of God" and "Gospel of Jesus". His teachings emphasize spiritual growth, self-purification, and divine love.

Birthyear: 1941

Octavio Dotel

Octavio Dotel is a Dominican former professional baseball player who played as a relief pitcher for 13 MLB teams from 1999 to 2012, including the New York Yankees and St. Louis Cardinals, earning a World Series ring in 2011.

Birthyear: 1973

Patrick Nagel

Patrick Nagel, an American painter and illustrator, was renowned for his striking, stylized portraits of women. His unique blend of Art Deco and 1980s pop culture sensibilities captivated audiences, making him a prominent figure in the art world until his untimely death in 1984.

Birthyear: 1945

Kerry O'Keeffe

Kerry O'Keeffe is a former Australian cricketer and renowned sportscaster, known for his clever spin bowling and witty commentary. He played 24 Tests for Australia, taking 53 wickets, and later became a beloved voice of Australian cricket, entertaining fans with his humor and insightful analysis.

Birthyear: 1949

Peter Siddle

Peter Siddle is a retired Australian cricketer who played as a right-arm fast bowler. He took 221 wickets in 67 Tests, known for his pace, accuracy, and ability to swing the ball. Siddle was a key member of the Australian team, playing from 2008 to 2016.

Birthyear: 1984

Nikolai Vavilov

Nikolai Vavilov was a pioneering Russian botanist and geneticist who discovered the law of homologous series and identified the centers of origin of cultivated plants. His groundbreaking work in plant genetics and agriculture earned him international recognition.

Birthyear: 1887

Arturo Pérez-Reverte

Arturo Pérez-Reverte is a Spanish novelist and journalist, best known for his literary works that often intertwine history, mystery, and adventure. His Captain Alatriste series has been adapted into films and has earned him widespread acclaim.

Birthyear: 1951

Lope de Vega

Renowned Spanish playwright and poet Lope de Vega (1562-1635) wrote over 1,800 plays, earning him the nickname 'The Phoenix of Wits.' His works blended wit, romance, and drama, influencing Spanish Golden Age theatre and shaping the country's literary heritage.

Birthyear: 1562

Alparslan Türkeş

Alparslan Türkeş was a Cypriot-Turkish colonel and politician who significantly impacted Turkey's politics. As Deputy Prime Minister, he was known for his nationalist views and efforts to modernize the country. His legacy continues to influence Turkish politics and society.

Birthyear: 1917

Ana Bogdan

Ana Bogdan is a Romanian tennis player born on November 25, 1992. She has won two WTA 125K titles and has reached a career-high singles ranking of 59. Bogdan has represented Romania in the Fed Cup and competed in all four Grand Slam tournaments.

Birthyear: 1992

Helen Gahagan Douglas

Helen Gahagan Douglas was a talented actress and dedicated politician. She served as a three-term Democratic Congresswoman from California from 1945 to 1951, advocating for women's rights, labor rights, and international cooperation, leaving a lasting legacy in both Hollywood and Washington D.C.

Birthyear: 1900

Kaja Juvan

Kaja Juvan is a Slovenian tennis player born on September 25, 2000. She turned pro in 2016 and has won several ITF titles. Juvan made her Grand Slam debut at the 2020 Australian Open, representing Slovenia in the Fed Cup. She's a rising star in women's tennis.

Birthyear: 2000

Arthur Liebehenschel

Arthur Liebehenschel, a notorious German SS officer, served as the last commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp from November 1943 to May 1944. He was executed by hanging in 1948 for his role in the atrocities committed during the Holocaust.

Birthyear: 1901

Jared Jeffries

Jared Jeffries is a retired American professional basketball player who played 11 seasons in the NBA, primarily as a power forward, for teams including the Washington Wizards, Houston Rockets, and Portland Trail Blazers.

Birthyear: 1981

Aaron Mokoena

Aaron Mokoena is a South African former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He made over 100 appearances for the South African national team, representing them in two World Cups and several other major tournaments.

Birthyear: 1980

Mauno Koivisto

Mauno Koivisto, a Finnish banker and politician, served as the 9th President of Finland from 1982 to 1994. He played a crucial role in shaping Finland's foreign policy and economic development, earning him popularity and respect as a statesman.

Birthyear: 1923

Catherine Cornaro

Catherine Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus, ruled from 1474 to 1489. Born in Venice, she was the last monarch of the Lusignan dynasty. Her reign was marked by turmoil, eventually leading to the sale of Cyprus to Venice, ending the island's independence.

Birthyear: 1454

Eddie Shore

Eddie Shore, known as "The Edmonton Express," was a dominant defenseman in the NHL from 1925 to 1940, winning four Hart Trophies and playing for the Boston Bruins and New York Americans.

Birthyear: 1902

Bob Ehrlich

Bob Ehrlich, a Republican, served as the 60th Governor of Maryland from 2003 to 2007. A lawyer by training, he also represented Maryland's 2nd congressional district in the US House of Representatives from 1995 to 2003.

Birthyear: 1957

Steve Rothery

Steve Rothery is a renowned English guitarist and songwriter, best known as the founding member and lead guitarist of the iconic British rock band Marillion. His distinctive playing style and poignant songwriting have been influential in shaping the band's unique sound.

Birthyear: 1959

Don Hahn

Don Hahn is a renowned American director and producer, best known for his work on Disney classics like "Beauty and the Beast" and "The Lion King".

Birthyear: 1955

P. D. Eastman

P. D. Eastman was a renowned American author and illustrator, best known for his beloved children's books, including "Go, Dog. Go!" and "Are You My Mother?". His whimsical illustrations and engaging stories have captivated young readers for generations.

Birthyear: 1909

Nat Adderley

Nat Adderley was a renowned American jazz cornet and trumpet player, composer, and bandleader. Known for his soulful, melodic style, he was a prominent figure in the hard bop movement, recording with iconic artists like Miles Davis and John Coltrane.

Birthyear: 1931

Naomi Oreskes

Naomi Oreskes is a renowned American historian of science, Professor of the History of Science at Harvard University, and author of "Merchants of Doubt," a critique of climate change denial and the manipulation of science by corporations.

Birthyear: 1958

Shelagh Fraser

Shelagh Fraser was a renowned English actress who appeared in numerous films, television shows, and stage productions during her illustrious career. She is best known for her roles in the "Star Wars" franchise and the BBC series "Z-Cars."

Birthyear: 1920

Trevor Booker

Trevor Booker is an American professional basketball player who has played for several NBA teams, including the Washington Wizards, Utah Jazz, and Brooklyn Nets. Born on November 25, 1987, in Newberry, South Carolina, he played college basketball at Clemson University.

Birthyear: 1987

Johnny Rep

Johnny Rep is a Dutch former footballer and manager, known for his pace and skill on the wing. He earned 42 caps for the Netherlands, scoring 12 goals, and played in the 1974 and 1978 World Cups, helping the team reach the 1974 final.

Birthyear: 1951